![]() ![]() Ng, Tim Unadkat, Jignesh Bilonick, Richard A Wollstein, RonitĬurrent guidelines suggest early surgical treatment of open fractures. The importance of early operative treatment in open fractures of the fingers. The first internal fixation of the glenoid fossa, including a radiograph, was published by Fischer in 1939. Mayo Robson (1884), Lambotte (1913) and Lane (1914) were pioneers in the surgical treatment of these fractures, followed in 1923 by the French surgeons Lenormat, Dujarrier and Basset. The first radiograph of a scapular fracture was published by Petty in 1907. Thomas Callaway published in 1849 an extensive dissertation on injuries to the shoulder girdle, in which he discussed a number of cases known at that time. The first study devoted solely to scapular fractures was published by Traugott Karl August Vogt in 1799. The first to point out the existence of these fractures were Petit, Du Verney and Desault in the 18th century. Early modern history of the treatment of scapular fractures is closely interlinked with the history of the French surgery. In ancient times, a fracture of acromion was described in the treatises of Hippocrates. ![]() In humans, the oldest known scapular fractures date back to the prehistoric and early historic times. Probably the oldest injured scapula, from 250 million years ago, was described by Chinese authors of a skeletal examination of a fossilised remains of a dinosaur Yangchuanosaurus hepingensis. The first to use the term Scapula was Vesalius (1514-1564) and thus it has remained ever since. The findings suggest that COX-2/EP4 agonists may compensate for deficient molecular signals that result in the reduced fracture healing associated with aging.īartonÃÄek, Jan Kozánek, Michal Jupiter, Jesse B Local administration of an EP4 agonist to the fracture repair site in aged mice enhanced the rate of chondrogenesis and bone formation to levels observed in young mice, suggesting that the expression of COX-2 during the early inflammatory phase of repair regulates critical subsequent events including chondrogenesis, bone formation, and remodeling. COX-2 expression was reduced by 75% and 65% in fractures from aged mice compared with young mice on days 5 and 7, respectively. In situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry showed that COX-2 is expressed primarily in early cartilage precursors that co-express col-2. COX-2 expression in young mice peaked at 5 days, coinciding with the transition of mesenchymal progenitors to cartilage and the onset of expression of early cartilage markers. Aging was associated with a decreased rate of chondrogenesis, decreased bone formation, reduced callus vascularization, delayed remodeling, and altered expression of genes involved in repair and remodeling. A femoral fracture repair model was used in mice at either 7-9 or 52-56 wk of age, and healing was evaluated by imaging, histology, and gene expression studies. Cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2), the inducible regulator of prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) synthesis, is critical for normal bone repair. The cellular and molecular events responsible for reduced fracture healing with aging are unknown. Naik, Amish A Xie, Chao Zuscik, Michael J Kingsley, Paul Schwarz, Edward M Awad, Hani Guldberg, Robert Drissi, Hicham Puzas, J Edward Boyce, Brendan Zhang, Xinping O'Keefe, Regis J Reduced COX-2 expression in aged mice is associated with impaired fracture healing.
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